Lab Reports Decoded
Your blood test, urine test and scan reports explained in plain words, and which numbers mean see a doctor now.
124 posts in this series
UPCR Test and 24 Hour Urine Protein: What Your Result Means
UPCR test vs 24 hour urine protein and ACR: what each measures, how to collect a 24 hour sample correctly, and why…
Crossmatch Test Before a Blood Transfusion: Grouping and Screens
Crossmatch test explained: blood grouping, antibody screen, donor infection checks, why relatives' blood is still tested, and reaction signs.
Thyroid Scan Report: Uptake, Hot and Cold Nodules Explained
Thyroid scan report decoded: high vs low uptake, Graves, toxic nodule and thyroiditis patterns, hot vs cold nodules, and how to prepare.
Strep Test Results: Rapid Throat Swab vs Culture Explained
Strep test results explained: rapid swab vs throat culture, why children get a backup culture, how ASO differs, and sore throat red…
Sputum Culture Report: Normal Flora, Growth and Sensitivity
Sputum culture report explained: what normal flora means, how to give a good sample, reading S/I/R sensitivity, and why it is not…
PNS X-Ray Report and CT PNS: Mucosal Thickening, DNS, Polyps
PNS X-ray report and CT PNS words decoded: mucosal thickening, air-fluid level, DNS, polyps and concha bullosa, and which findings truly matter.
Bone Age Test: What the X-Ray Means for Your Child’s Height
Bone age test explained for parents: how the hand X-ray is read, delayed vs advanced bone age, height prediction limits, and when…
Food Intolerance Test (IgG Panel): Why Doctors Don’t Trust It
An IgG food intolerance test mostly shows what you eat, not what harms you. What it measures, the risks for children, and…
Post Void Residual Urine and Prostate Volume on Ultrasound
Post void residual urine and prostate volume explained: what the ml and cc numbers mean, why a high PVR is often repeated,…
Gallbladder Polyp or Sludge on Ultrasound: What Comes Next
Gallbladder polyp or sludge on your ultrasound? What the size in mm means, polyp vs stone, when surgery is advised and which…
EEG Report Meaning: Normal, Epileptiform Discharges, Slowing
EEG report meaning in plain words: epileptiform discharges, slowing and artefact, why a normal EEG can't rule out fits, and how to…
Coronary Calcium Score Report: What 0, 1 to 99 and 100+ Mean
Coronary calcium score explained: what zero, 1 to 99 and 100 or more mean, why the age percentile matters, and where zero…
Evaporation Line vs Faint Positive: Reading a Pregnancy Test
Evaporation line pregnancy test confusion: how to tell a grey shadow from a faint positive, when to retest and when a blood…
Skin Prick Test Results: Wheal Size and What It Really Proves
Skin prick test results decoded: the 3 mm wheal rule, the controls, pausing allergy medicine, and why a positive bump is not…
Influenza A Test Positive? Rapid vs PCR Flu Swab Results
Influenza A test positive or negative? How rapid flu swabs differ from PCR, why negatives mislead, what H1N1 means, and who should…
Zinc Test in Blood: When It Is Worth Doing and What Low Means
A zinc test in blood drops with infection, meals and time of day. When serum zinc is worth testing, how to prepare,…
KFT Test Report Explained: Urea, Creatinine, eGFR and Salts
How to read a KFT test report as a pattern: urea, creatinine, eGFR and salts, the dehydration and muscle traps, and when…
Procalcitonin Test Normal Range: Bacterial Infection or Not?
Procalcitonin test normal range explained: what PCT shows about bacterial infection and sepsis, why doctors repeat it, and what else raises it.
Total IgE and Allergy Test Report: What High IgE Really Means
High total IgE explained: why it never names your allergy, total vs specific IgE, skin prick vs blood tests, and the swelling…
ANA Test Report: Titre, Pattern and When a Positive Matters
ANA test positive? What titres like 1:80 and 1:640 mean, how to read the pattern, why healthy people test positive, and the…
RA Factor and Anti-CCP Report: Positive Does Not Always Mean RA
RA factor positive but no arthritis? What RF and anti-CCP each add, why age and infection give false positives, and the joint…
Cortisol Test Report: Morning Level, High and Low Explained
Cortisol test report explained: why 8 am timing matters, how steroid creams and tablets skew results, and the low-cortisol signs that need…
Stool Occult Blood Test (FIT) for Adults: What Positive Means
Stool occult blood test positive? How FIT differs from the guaiac test, piles vs polyps, why colonoscopy comes next, and signs that…
Amylase and Lipase Report: When Belly Pain Points to Pancreas
Amylase and lipase report decoded: what the enzymes show, the 3 times rule for pancreatitis, gallstone and alcohol causes, and emergency warning…
HLA-B27 Test Report: Back Pain, Positive Result and What Next
HLA-B27 positive? What the gene test means, why most carriers never get ill, the inflammatory back pain pattern, and the red eye…
Anti-HCV Positive? Reading the HCV PCR Report Next, Step by Step
Anti-HCV positive does not always mean hepatitis C today. How to read the HCV PCR report: detected, not detected, viral load, and…
Hepatitis B Report: HBsAg, HBeAg and HBV DNA Viral Load Decoded
Hepatitis B report explained: HBsAg reactive, HBeAg, anti-HBs and HBV DNA viral load in plain words, family testing, and when to see…
Serum Magnesium Report: Low Levels, Cramps and Heart Rhythm
Low magnesium on a blood test? Typical ranges, common causes like diarrhoea and some acidity or water pills, cramps, palpitations and red…
Serum Folate Report: Low Folic Acid, Pregnancy and Anaemia
Low serum folate explained: serum vs red cell folate, big red cells, why B12 is checked first, pregnancy planning, and folate-rich desi…
Lipoprotein(a) Test Report: The Inherited Cholesterol Number
Lp(a) test report explained: mg/dL vs nmol/L, typical ranges, why it runs in families, why diet barely moves it, and what your…
Newborn Screening Report: Heel-Prick TSH and Metabolic Tests
Newborn screening report explained: what the heel-prick test checks, why a recall means repeat and not diagnosis, and why a fast follow-up…
Blood Group and Rh Report: Rh Negative Mother and the ICT Test
Rh negative on your blood group report? What ABO and Rh mean, why pregnant mothers get the indirect Coombs test (ICT), and…
FSH and LH Report: Day 2 Hormones, PCOS Ratio and Menopause
FSH and LH test report decoded: why day 2 timing matters, ranges by cycle phase, the LH:FSH ratio myth in PCOS, and…
AMH Test Report: What Your Egg Reserve Number Can and Cannot Say
AMH test explained: what the egg reserve number means by age, PCOS highs and low values, and why AMH alone cannot predict…
Prolactin Test Report: High Level, Stress and Missed Periods
High prolactin level on your report? Sample timing, stress and medicine causes, macroprolactin, and the headache and vision red flags that need…
C-Peptide Test Report: Type 1, Type 2 and Your Own Insulin
C-peptide test explained: what it shows about your own insulin, fasting vs stimulated samples, high and low causes, and why glucose must…
OGTT in Pregnancy: 75 g Test Values and Gestational Diabetes
OGTT in pregnancy explained: the 0, 1 and 2 hour values after 75 g glucose, how to prepare, what happens next, and…
Nerve Conduction Study Report: Carpal Tunnel and Neuropathy
Nerve conduction study report explained: latency, amplitude and velocity, what carpal tunnel and diabetic neuropathy look like, and how to prepare.
Audiogram Report: Reading the Hearing Test Graph and dB Loss
How to read an audiogram: X and O marks, dB loss levels, conductive vs sensorineural patterns, and why sudden hearing loss in…
Testosterone Test Report for Men: Total, Free and Morning Timing
How to read a testosterone test report: total vs free, why the morning sample matters, what weight and sleep do, and why…
Spirometry (PFT) Report: FEV1, FVC and the Ratio Explained
Read your spirometry report: FEV1, FVC and the FEV1/FVC ratio, obstructive vs restrictive patterns, inhaler reversibility, and how to prepare.
Thyroid Ultrasound Report: TI-RADS Score and Nodule Words
What TI-RADS 1 to 5 means on a thyroid ultrasound, the nodule words decoded, size cut-offs for FNA, and the neck red…
DEXA Scan Report: T-Score, Z-Score and Osteoporosis Explained
How to read a DEXA scan report: T-score vs Z-score, spine and hip sites, osteopenia vs osteoporosis, how to prepare, and when…
CA-125 Test Report: High Level, Fibroids, Periods and Ovaries
CA-125 test report explained: normal range, why periods, fibroids and endometriosis raise it, why it is not a general screen, and when…
Double Marker Test Report: PAPP-A, Free hCG and Risk Ratios
Double marker test report decoded: PAPP-A and free beta hCG MoM values, low risk vs high risk wording, why it is a…
NT Scan Report in Pregnancy: Nuchal Measurement and Risk Numbers
NT scan report explained: normal nuchal measurement in mm, what a risk like 1 in 1000 means, screening vs diagnosis, and signs…
Mammogram Report: BI-RADS 0 to 6 and What Happens Next
Mammogram report BI-RADS 0 to 6 explained: what each category means, dense breast notes, why an ultrasound is added, and symptoms that…
Pap Smear Report: NILM, ASCUS, LSIL and HSIL in Plain Words
Pap smear report decoded: what NILM, ASCUS, LSIL and HSIL mean, how HPV testing fits in, the usual next step, and which…
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